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MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 12S rRNA gene and composed of 16 amino acids. Acting as a metabolic regulator, it supports cellular homeostasis primarily through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central mediator of energy balance. In laboratory research, MOTS-c has been shown to influence mitochondrial biogenesis, enhance oxidative phosphorylation, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism by modulating the expression of related genes.
Preclinical studies indicate that MOTS-c may improve insulin sensitivity and increase mitochondrial efficiency under conditions of metabolic stress in non-human test subjects. It has also been associated with regulating oxidative stress responses, potentially through interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of antioxidant defense pathways. These findings highlight MOTS-c as a valuable tool for studying cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function, and aging-related processes.
Ongoing investigations continue to evaluate its potential as a research target for modulating mitochondrial dynamics and supporting energy production in experimental models.